fa بررسی جایگاه غیرمسلمانان در جامعۀ عثمانی تاریخ تمدن اسلامی History of Islamic Civilization پژوهشي Research <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="line-height:2;"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span lang="FA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">جامعه عثمانی متشکل از افرادی از ادیان، مذاهب و اقوام مختلف بود که چند سده</span></span></span> <span lang="FA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">تحت حاکمیت</span></span></span><span lang="FA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> حکومت عثمانی زندگی کردند</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">. مسئلۀ اصلی پژوهش حاضر بررسی جایگاه اقلیت‌های دینی (مسیحیان و یهودیان) در ساختار حقوقی، اداری و اجتماعی عثمانی تا سدۀ سیزدهم قمری/ نوزدهم میلادی است. این پژوهش با رویکرد </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.35pt">توصیفی- تحلیلی صورت گرفته و نتیجۀ آن نشان داده است که عثمانی&shy;ها اختیارات و امتیازات نسبتاً زیادی به هر یک از جوامع مذهبی داده بودند؛ به&shy;طوری &shy;که هر جامعۀ دینی- مذهبی </span></span></span><span lang="FA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.35pt">در به &shy;جای آوردن آیین و سنت&shy;های خود آزاد بوده </span></span></span><span lang="FA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">و در امور مربوط به</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> احوال شخصیه، قضاوت و آموزش خودمختار بوده است. </span></span></span><span lang="FA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">هیچ غیرمسلمانی به &shy;سبب دین و</span></span></span> <span lang="FA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">اعتقادش</span></span></span><span lang="FA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> به&shy; صورت سیستماتیک</span></span></span><span lang="FA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> مورد ظلم، فشار و شکنجه واقع نمی&shy;شد.</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">این موقعیت اقلیت‌ها و خودمختاری و </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span b="" zar=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">آزادی عمل آنها در تضاد با وضع اقلیت‌های دینی- مذهبی در کشورهای اروپایی آن دوره بود که اتباع یهودی و غیرکاتولیک خود را به &shy;سبب مسائل دینی- مذهبی تحت تعقیب، آزار و شکنجه قرار می&shy;دادند. </span></span></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="TR"><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br> &nbsp;</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">The Ottoman society consisted of people with different religions and ethnicities</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">who lived under the rule of the Ottoman government for several centuries. The topic of this study is</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">to investigate the position of religious minorities (Christians and Jews) in the legal, </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">administrative, and social structure of the Ottoman Empire until the 13^th century AH/19^th </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">century AD. This research is conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, and the results</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">of the research showed that the Ottomans had given relatively great amount of authorities</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">and </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">privileges to each religious community, so that each of them was free to carry out its own </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">rituals and traditions, and was considered autonomous regarding the matters related to personal</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> life, judgment, education etc. non-Muslims were not systematically oppressed, pressured, or </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">tortured because of their religion or beliefs. This position of minorities and their autonomy </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">and freedom of action was in contrast to the situation of religious minorities in European </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">countries of that period, where Jewish and non-Catholic citizens were persecuted</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">and tortured </span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">because of their religious issues.</span></span></span> اقلیت‌های دینی, تساهل, خودمختاری, نظام ملت Religious minorities, tolerance, autonomy, nation system. 33 55 http://journal.pte.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1142-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 shahnaz jangjou gholenji شهناز جنگجو قولنجی shzjangjo@gmail.com 10031947532846006188 0009-0008-8113-8146 Yes Assistant Professor, Asia Minor and Balkans Department, Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Tehran, Iran. استادیار گروه آسیای صغیر و بالکان، دانشنامۀ جهان اسلام، تهران، ایران