@article{ author = {Aeinevand, Sadegh}, title = {Age and Generation from theHistorical Perspective}, abstract ={This article through introducing new definitions of generation and historical age, will analyze the relation between these two concepts. In fact, if we consider history as a natural phenomena, its cause and effect would be clarified to historians, because history consists of geographical age, social age and also individual age. As the article maintains, historians by considering these three elements according to a specific historical time, could write history.  }, Keywords = { Age, Generation,Time,Historical period, Historical system, Elite, Genealogy}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {10-21}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-30-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-30-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Eftekhari, Asghar}, title = {Diplomacy of the Prophet Muhammad (PUH)}, abstract ={This article studies the diplomacy of Prophet Muhammad (PUH) through reviewing political condition of the first Islamic ruling system. First, the author presents a critical review of various definitions of diplomacy in politics and then proposes a new definition. According to this definition, the paper presents a new look at the prophet’s tradition to clarify his diplomacy. Also, the article analyzes the typical characteristics of diplomats as ethical commitments, popularity, good knowledge, eloquence, and good appearance which are often emphasized as their best and most important traits. The main part of this article is about diplomatic methods. In this section, the author explains conciliation and military methods. The former includes negotiation, forgiveness, communication, provocation, expansion of relations, mediating, forbidding from tension, and optimal use of imposed situation. The latter includes suppression, formation of military pressure groups and tactical peace. Also the article discusses about two important topics: rights of diplomats and their immunity inaccordance with political norms. Finally, the authors analyzes delicacy and complexity of the letters of the Prophet as an indication of his diplomacy.  }, Keywords = { Diplomacy, Prophet's era, Diplomats, Prophet Muhammad}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {22-53}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-31-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-31-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Jafarniya, Fatemeh}, title = {Study on Historiography of Abu-anifeh Dinawari in Akhbar al-Tawal}, abstract ={Abu-Hanifeh Dinawari is one of the most important historians of the early Islamic centuries. He followed the general history method, in Akhbar al-Tawal as a common historical method of his life time in the third century AH. This article will study the characteristics of historiography of Abu Hanifeh from the sociological approach. As the article mentions Dinawari focused on social transformation as his main concern, while some critics argue that he merely concentrates on uprisings and social protests as one of the main effective causes in social transformation. The article, according to historical views of Dinawari will review and responds to some of these critiques.  }, Keywords = { Akhar al –Tawal, Abu Hani}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {54-77}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-32-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-32-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Jodaki, Mahobeh}, title = {A Study on the Poltical causes of Formation of Reddeh}, abstract ={This article will study emergence of Reddeh, as one of the renegade groups that was formed after establishment of the first central government of Islam. In this period a number of different apostate groups were formed including those who claimed prophecy, those were who were against paying alms tax (zakat) and renegades. This paper will focus on this question: why did this critical situation appear soon after the establishment of a new central government? The author argues that political situation of Arabia peninsula and social norms of the region played important roles in bringing about this critical situation. The author also maintains that Abu-Bakr could succeed suppressing this political trend by using socio-political norms of the region.  }, Keywords = { Apostate, Tribe, Arabia Peninsula, Abu Bakr, Political Structure, tribalcustoms. }, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {78-0}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-33-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-33-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Kasaei, Nourulah}, title = {Knowledge and Education during the Leadership of Prophet Muhammad (PUH) in Medina}, abstract ={During the ten years of leadership of Prophet Muhammad (PUH) in Medina, besides all responsibilities and dealing with different kinds of problems, hardships and conflicts, a considerable attention was paid by him to educate his followers and companions. This concern was resulted in rising of thousands of cultured and educated companions. This article will discuss about the way Prophet motivated his companions to learn, and brought about a favorable situation for them to promote to the highest level of knowledge.}, Keywords = {Medina, the Prophet, Education}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {100-133}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-34-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-34-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {MahdaviDamghani, Mahmu}, title = {The Prophet Muhammad (PUH) and Hypocrisy}, abstract ={One of the important social phenomena in human society is hypocrisy. This phenomenon has been always existed but during critical and deep social, political and intellectual transformation becomes more active. During Muhammad's (PUH) prophecy hypocrisy was one the important social currents. Considering emergence of Islam as a multi-dimensional revolution, it always accompanied with an extended hypocrisy. This paper will study this hypocrisy, in a broader aspect. This research, as a case study would help historians to analyze more deeply similar social currents in the various historical periods. }, Keywords = {Hypocrisy, Hypocrite, Prophet Muhammad (PUH), Holy Qur’an, Hadith}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {134-151}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-35-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-35-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Valavi, Ali Mohammad and QurbanpourDashtaki, Simi}, title = {The Effects of the Currents of Thoughts on Political Behavior of Kufians}, abstract ={Groups political behavior in all societies toward social problems is indication of their vision and mentality. Therefore, in order to analyze motives of political behavior in a society whether accommodating or opposing to political establishment , it is necessary to be aware of vision of their political groups. This article will examine the effects of the currents of thoughts on political behavior of Kufians during 35 to 60 AH. As the article maintains, uprisings and civil wars from the late period of the Four Right-Guided Caliphs and Omayyads is manifestation of theseeffects. The article argues that one hand encountering of the two political groups, Shi'i and Kharijites, with other currents of thoughts ( such as absolute predestination and Murji'tes), and on the other hand suppression, pressure, threat and temptation by the political establishment were the most important causes of these behavior.}, Keywords = {Shi'I, Participation, passivity, Karijite, Absolute predestination, Murji'tes.}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {152-171}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-36-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-36-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Ahmadvand, Abbas and TavoosiMasroor, Saei}, title = {Conditions of becoming the crown prince during the Umavids and the first era of Abbasids}, abstract ={Many Muslim thinkers believe crown prince should have some special conditions to achieve this position. This essay tries to examine how much Umayyad Caliphate and the first caliphs of Abbasids­­ practically kept their vows to so called conditions and on its way the writer tries to dig up new resources research samples and documents. A look on political events of this time shows that against all claims about necessity of some merits for achieving crown prince position these conditions and requirments never been respected practically and the main reason for appointment and election the crown princes and caliphs of this era was just to save personal or family benefits.  }, Keywords = {the caliphate, the crown prince, crowning conditions, Umayyads, the first Abbasid era.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {6-18}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, Roghayeh}, title = {The most fundamental factors in political thoughts of Zia Aldin Barani}, abstract ={Zia Aldin Barani (1285-1352), Muslim scientist of Toghloghid kings era wrote the first works in the style of Iranian advice books and in those announced his political, social and economic thoughts. Besides he was the first Muslim thinker in subcontinent who came up with the idea of paradox between Islamic and Iranian visions on government and tried to solve it. According to Baranie’s persistence to identify different political thoughts, in this article the writer has tried to make the main factors of his political thought clear and describe their consequences and achievements.  The fact that against vast influence of Barani on Iranian theoreticians and his efforts to conduct these ideas to India, his character was rarely noticed by Iranian researchers and it makes this article very prominent.  By studying Barani’s important books and researching rare articles about him to find proper answer about doubts in his political thoughts, proves that he was an affective partner factor in conducting behavior of great Muslim rulers and thoughts of theoreticians like Ghazzali and Farabi to India. This article also describes Barani visions on governance, justice, law and nature of humanity as main factors of political thought as its main achievement and meanwhile announces his theories about giving a higher priority to Iranian method of governance than Islamic traditions as a way to combine these two paradoxical methods.}, Keywords = {political thoughts, Zia Aldin Barani, Kings of Delhi, Ruling sentences, (Fatwas).}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {19-37}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, Sayedeh Fahimeh}, title = {Naghshbandies reaction to the response against Russians aggression to Transoxiana}, abstract ={In the past politics and power base developed a link with religion, in its Sufi form in Transoxiana. By adding this link to the masses of people a triangle has been formed which its legalizing relationship between the three power points deeply affected events in the region. This article tries to investigate the role of Naghshbandies - as the most important particle of Transoxiana society political and regional structure- during Russian invasion in a descriptive way. In the essay it is shown that however in this region you could never find out a disciplinary defensive organization like Caucasus region or a charismatic leader like Shamel but yet even those rare forced attempts ended up by challenging Russian power. Meanwhile leaders of this active Sufi cult during the silence of Muslim governments in Transoxiana against progress of Tsar forces remained political and defensive activists, like before. }, Keywords = {Naghshbandies, Transoxiana, Russians}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {38-56}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Hazrati, Has}, title = {Confrontation of traditionalism and modernism in compilation of Ottomanid constitution (1876 A.D.)}, abstract ={Taking a look on evaluations refers to providing first constitution in Islamic world, confrontation of the two powerful streams consisted of traditional and modernist has been researched and investigated on this article. The article has a descriptive way to open up thoughts of dominant representatives of two sides in commissions gathered by Abdolhamid II order and on its way it uses documents which exist on this regard. Researches show that the first constitution of Ottoman government because was consisted of two opposite traditional and modernist thoughts had natural paradoxes and for the very same reason soon faced with functional and constitutional barriers in Ottoman political structure}, Keywords = {Ottoman Empire, The first Ottoman constitution, traditionalist, modernist}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {57-73}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Fakhraie, Sayedeh Sus}, title = {Axes of hostile forces convergence against caliphate of highness Ali (PBUH)}, abstract ={Highness Ali (PBUH) faced three major wars during his five years old Caliphate; Jamal, Seffin and Nahravan which in them his opponents has been gathered against him under the titles of Nakethin, Ghasetin and Mareghin. In these wars many famed Muslims has been killed and the basis of many of theological and political differences in Islamic society was founded. In this article reasons behind formation of this opponent stream against 4th caliph and composition of the opponent forces and their tribal context were been research.  Besides, the causes of their alliance were been investigated by using theories of social scientists such as Weber and Morton. Religious beliefs always considered as the most important reason of alliance in Ali’s (PBUH) army, however on the other side Intentions to go back to traditional power based on tribal prejudices, and materialism of their leaders and individualism of primitive Arabs are the main reason of his enemies convergence; these factors in Morton theory considered as a destructive factor for unity}, Keywords = {Axes of convergence, tribal prejudices, religious beliefs, economic interest, the tradition’s termidor individualism of primitive Arabs}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {74-100}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Farahmandpoor, Fahimeh and Doostkam, Zakieh}, title = {Nowbakhti family interaction with Abbasid Caliphate and its effect on the expantion of Shi’ism}, abstract ={However in the time of second Abbasid Caliphate, government power had been decreased but rigor and pressure on the Shiites, as the opposites of the rule continued just like before. Meanwhile some important and influential families in Abbasid court had Shiite tendencies. Nowbakhti family was one of these families with high scientific and social level and some members among Emamiye and Imams (PBUT) companions.      This article tries to identify important members of Nowbakhti family and their works and interactions with Abbasid court and court men from one aspect and also Shiite leaders and Shiite people from another aspect. On his way to do this, the writer reloads ancient historical documents and uses a descriptive-definitive methomethod. With the help of Forat House and by saving their political - social position and status, Nowbakhti family made their way to the court and possessed significant positions. They always were ready to face with opponents and heretics. With tact and skill and caution, dissimulation and gaining caliphate trust they tried to expand Shiism and reduce the pressure on Shiites and stabilize and expand it, at that period of time. Identifying the goals and results of these interactive relationships is the main target of this essay.  }, Keywords = {Abbasid caliphate, Shiites, Shiite men, Nowbakhti extended family.}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {101-121}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {NasseriTaheri, Abdollah}, title = {Historical bases and roots of Islamphobia in the west Case by case survey of the Crusades}, abstract ={Without any doubt nowadays Islamphobia is one of the most strategic fears of the West and Christianity.  Islamic revoloution happening with leadership of Imam Khomeini (PGOH) and its intellectual and political side effects on contemporary world increased the passion for study and research of Islam and Shiism in a very notable way. At the same time breakdown of Soviet :union: as the most powerful rival of the West and growth of Islamic movements under the effect of Islamic revoloution idea, made paying attention to Islamic Middle East and reviewing Islamic history more necessary especially when it comes to historical relations between Islam and Christianity. Showing a horrible face of Muslims and emphasizing on them as an outsider accelerated Islamphobia day by day. However it’s undeniable that Islamphobia has been formed and developed up on a long historical basic.  The main problem of current the research is to outline what are the source of Islamphobia and where are its intellectual origins. The writer believes that althought knowing Christians and western people from Islam aspect of view, using experiences such as Byzantium, Sicily and Andalus, should not be forgotten but 2 century  the famous Crusades played a very significant role too to shape this fault historical memory in Christians’ minds. At the same time this article tries to research the role and position of the Crusades as one of the main factors of Islam phobia in West.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {122-135}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Ahmadvand, Fatemeh and Gharachanlo, Hussei}, title = {Investigating the Silk Road from Baghdad to China; (a Case by Case Study of Jungharia)}, abstract ={In the ancient world a system of trade roads was flourished across the vast continent of Asia and which connected China to the frontiers of Roman Empire. This system of roads was later called the Silk Road. After the advent of Islam, significant sections of this road became parts of Islamic world and Muslims started trading through it. Geographically speaking, we can divide three main sections of this system of roads: southern, middle and northern parts. An important part of the northern road was passing from Jungharia. This region was a neighbor of Islamic territory in central Asia, it had a minority of Muslims and it has been known less than the other parts of central Asia for Iranian and Arabic academies. These points added to the importance of the northern road as a part of the Silk Road and its role in the trade of Asia and Islamic world all encouraged us to do this research. This article, relying on existing historical sources and what researches carried out in the field of historical geography of the Islamic world and central Asia, tries to study the historical geography of Jungharia and its trade way’s relationships with the Islamic world. }, Keywords = {Jungharia, Silk Road, Trade, Khorasan, Jungharia’s Khanat (the tribal chief's of Jungharian Territories)}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {5-24}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {EmamiKhoei, Mohammad Taghi}, title = {The common Shrines and some Religious Similarities between Christians, Alavids and Baktashis in Ottomanid Territory}, abstract ={Ottoman empire was a crossroad for different religions and believes with human and divine origins. Also in Asia Minor many examples and samples of great civilizations such as Christianity and Islam could be found. In this article writer tries to study this common heritage and review some similarities between Chiristians, Alavids and Baktashids. The conclusion is that the leaders and greats of religions and mystical sects through synchronizing their beliefs with the local traditions and adapting their myths and rituals, after some primitive struggles tried to reach a compromise point. This process helped them to be accepted by natives and in some cases even they unified shrines of the other religions; these bilateral shrines could be worshiped by followers of different religions in different days of the week who themselves changed some representations.  }, Keywords = {Ottoman, Christians, Alavids, Baktashids, Common believes and shrines}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {25-36}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-96-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-96-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {HasanZadeh, Esmaeil}, title = {Analyzing Political Behavior of Shiite Clerics Case Study: “forty days Immigration” Phenomenon on 1342}, abstract ={Interrelationship between clerics and government after contacts and modernism phase experienced a totally new climate; interaction and cooperation has been replaced by challenge and confrontation. On this new way clerics used several traditional challenging tools and Immigration was one of these protesting tools against government policies. “forty days immigration” of great Iranian clerics to Tehran and Shahr-e-Rey as a protest to events of 5th May (15 Khordad) and arrest of Ayatollah Khomeini was one the main steps which helped strength and continuity of Islamic movment. This decision made by invention of then Clerics and inspired by successful history of similar tactics.  This article tries to investigate structures and reasons of immigrated clerics and reach a Topologic pattern for political behavior of clerics in that situation. The immigration showed their unified will and their capabilities on gathering political power which stabilized their position as a source of religious and political power and specially Ayatollah Khomeini. Practical existence of different and diversified political ideas and behaviors has clearly appeared during that situation and of course government role in deepening those gaps and creating new frontiers should not be under estimated. Importance of this phenomenon is in its paradoxical features; clerics behavior in that situation however was unified to an outsider but from within had some structural gaps and started a hidden crisis}, Keywords = {Shiite Clerics, Pahlavid’s Government, Immigration, Qom, Shahr-e-Rey, Tehran}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {37-60}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Khezri, seyyed Ahmad Rez}, title = {Hammudids and Shi\'ism in Andalusia}, abstract ={The caliphate of Hammudids was founded by Ali b. Hammud in a part of Andalusia in 407 A.H. Ali whose ancestors were Morocco Idrisids, enjoyed the use of disturbed situation of Umayyad caliphate system due to its corrupted officials and political disorders and arrested SOlayman b. Hakam and after a time,he murdered Solayman and announced himself as the caliph .Since this time, in ups and downs he and some of his brothers and sons and nephews ruled over parts of Andalusia by 449 A.H. Hammudids believed in Shi'ism, however they did not possess collective theological thoughts ,systematic philosophy or  sustainable jurisprudence principles, but they collapsed religious structure of Andalusia in that time  which was on the base of  irrational support from Maliki sec . They gave an opportunity to other sects, specially to the Shi'ite and prepared the least necessary foundation and ground for Shia activity in that land}, Keywords = {Hammudids, Shiism, Andalusia, Umayyads}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {61-76}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-98-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-98-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {SiamianGorji, Zoheir}, title = {The Genealogy of Cultural Iranism in Iranian-Islamic Historiography Until The Teymurid Era}, abstract ={In the tradition of Islamic general historiography, until the Teymurid  era, a common approach is traceable which could be called Iranian – Islamic historiography. This tradition has been recognized by its criteria of writing texts in Persian and putting ancient Iran history as the beginning of its historiography which fully distinguish this method from general Islamic kind. The reason behind creation of such phenomena was that until 4th century, Frasi-e-Dari as a new Persian language had been born and meant that many new Iranians had turned to Islam. This trend resulted in the progress of a new Iranian notion in content which we would call it cultural Iranism and its footprints has  appeared in common Iranian historiography texts.  After Mogul invasion, Persian became the dominant language of Eastern – Islamic nations and Iran became distinguished from other Islamic countries.  The present paper is an attempt to discover the dominant pattern of Persian historiography and its genealogy until the Teymurid era. The conclusion is that the so called pattern of Iranian – Islamic historiography has always been present.  }, Keywords = {General Islamic historiography, Persian Tarikh-e- Bal'ami, Tarikh-e- Gozideh, Tarikh-e- Kheirat}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {77-102}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-99-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-99-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {GholamiDehaghi, Ali}, title = {Metamorphosis of Erja\' Theory from First Morje\'a to Pure Morje\'a}, abstract ={Metamorphosis of Erja' Theory from First Morje'a to Pure Morje'aThe Erja' notion first appeared in second Islamic century by some of the Tabean (Subordinates). This idea at first was a reaction to excommunication of Khavaraj and the other intellectual and political affairs in Islamic society but by passing the time it changed. During this metamorphosis Erja' passed by first Morje'a to jurisprudents' erja' and then pure Morje'a which in the end resulted in weakening of the divine laws and spreading of ebahi-gari (believe that everything is permissible). However the first Morje'a insisted on preventing any kind of judgment about Islam great characters and postponing that to Resurrection during so called changes and reached to such a results the indicated belief should be separated from act which has be called jurisprudents' erja'. Even some succeeding Morje'as reached more extreme ideas which ended in weakening the divine law.  This school of thoughts due to lack of any unified manifest has been disappeared as an independent association and got digested between Islamic sects.  Putting this school of thought and its periods and reasons  under spotlight besides of its digestion between majority of society are main purposes of this essay with a analytic and social- historical approach.}, Keywords = { Erja', Metamorphosis, Fist Morje'a, jurisprudents' erja', Pure Morje'a, Exaggeration.}, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {103-126}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Naemi, Zohreh}, title = {Religious symbols in Shiite Poems (First to fifth Centuries A.H) Case by Case study on Imam Ali and Imam Hussein (PBUT)}, abstract ={Secrecy and Symbolism is one of the discourses that most of the theoretical sciences and knowledges have shown a special interest in it. Literature as a part of the human sciences enjoys an old and deep association to symbolism and Shiite poems are no exception to this conclusion which shows religious symbols -as one of the common expressions in social-religious studies- has a high rank in Shiite literature. General Religious Symbols in their dual forms ,real and false, have been divided into five classifications alluding to; the saints, holy actions, holy materials or things, holy places and holy occurrences. This study by giving priority to sacred characters in real symbols section and considering time limitations intends to seek and investigate religious symbols pertaining to Imam Ali (PBUH) and Imam Hussein (PBUH) in Shiite poetry from the 1st to 5th centuries A.H. Then these symbols are compared with each other within the period of so-called five centuries and their changes and transformations would be studied. Religious symbols on this article within first to third centuries prone to Alavi's inclinations, while from the end of the third century their tendencies turn towards the tragedy of Imam Hussein and his life.  }, Keywords = {Shiite poetry, Religious symbol, saints, Imam Ali (PBUH), Imam Hussein (PBUH) }, volume = {1}, Number = {3}, pages = {127-145}, publisher = {Reserch Center for Islamic History}, url = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.pdf}, journal = {A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam}, issn = {2228-6713}, eissn = {2228-6713}, year = {2010} }